Reference List

Textbooks, journal articles, and image sources referenced in the development of Adult Echocardiography course materials.

References & General Sources

Agmon, Y., Khandheria, B. K., Meissner, I., et al. (2000). Left atrial appendage flow velocities in subjects with normal left ventricular function. The American Journal of Cardiology, 86(7), 769-773. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01078-x
American. (2021). ASE's Comprehensive Echocardiography E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
American. (2015). ASE's Comprehensive Echocardiography E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Armstrong, W., & Ryan, T. (2010). Feigenbaum's echocardiography. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
Baumgartner, H., Hung, J., Bermejo, J., et al. (2016). Recommendations on the echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve stenosis: a focused update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging, 18(3), 254-275. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew335
Cardiac Catheterization - Cardiovascular Disorders. merckmanuals.com.
Chizner, M. A. (2007). Clinical cardiology made ridiculously simple. Miami: MedMaster.
Chlus, N., Cavayero, C., Kar, P., & Kar, S. (2016). Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: Case Series and Literature Review. Cureus. doi:10.7759/cureus.649
Cziraki, A., Ajtay, Z., Nagy, A., et al. (2012). Early post-operative thrombosis of the prosthetic mitral valve in patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 7(1). doi: 10.1186/1749-8090-7-23
Dudzinski DM, Hung J. Echocardiographic assessment of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2014;12:46. doi:10.1186/1476-7120-12-46
Edelman, S. K. (2005). Understanding ultrasound physics (3rd ed.). Woodlands, TX: ESP.
Estep, J. D., Nicoara, A., Cavalcante, J., et al. (2024). Recommendations for Multimodality Imaging of Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices and Temporary Mechanical Support. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 37(9), 820-871. doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2024.06.005
Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare. cdc.gov.
Guidelines for Cleaning and Preparing External Ultrasound Transducers. aium.org.
Kaddoura, S. (2016). Echo made easy. Churchill Livingstone.
Kang, M. G., Kim, K., Koh, J., et al. (2017). Conventional Coronary Angiography Induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Complicated with Cardiac Tamponade. Case Reports in Cardiology, 2017, 1-4. doi:10.1155/2017/5631264
Kim, K. H., & Choi, J. B. (2013). Papillary fibroelastoma in tricuspid valve: An unusual cause of atypical chest pain. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 145(4), 1131. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.12.076
King, G., Wright, J., & Call, A. (2016). Caseous Calcification of the Mitral Annulus. Heart, Lung and Circulation, 25. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.514
Kremkau, F. W. (2006). Diagnostic ultrasound: principles and instruments. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Elsevier.
Kremkau, F. W. (2020). Diagnostic ultrasound: principles and instruments (8th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Lang, R. M., Goldstein, S. A., Kronzon, I., Khandheria, B. K., & Mor-Avi, V. (2016). ASE's Comprehensive Echocardiography. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.
Lu, D. Y., Caplow, J., Quatromoni, N., et al. (2016). Ventricular Septal Defect from Takotsubo Syndrome. Case Reports in Cardiology, 2016, 1-4. doi:10.1155/2016/2693062
Mann, D. L., Zipes, D. P., Libby, P., & Bonow, R. O. (2022). Braunwald's heart disease: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine (12th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company.
Miele, F. R. (2022). Ultrasound physics and instrumentation (6th ed.). Miele Enterprises.
Mitchell, C., Rahko, P. S., Blauwet, L. A., et al. (2019). Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 32(1), 1-64. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2018.06.004
Mukherjee M, Rudski LG, Addetia K, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults and special considerations in pulmonary hypertension. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2025;38(3):141-186. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2025.01.006
Nagueh, S. F., Smiseth, O. A., Appleton, C. P., et al. (2016). Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 29(4), 277-314. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011
Nagueh, S. F., Sanborn, D. Y., Oh, J. K., et al. (2025). Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography and for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction diagnosis: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography , 38(5), 537-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2025.02.001
Nagueh, S. F., Phelan, D., Abraham, T., et al. (2022). Recommendations for Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging of Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 35(6), 533-569. doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2022.03.012
Osler nodes and Janeway lesions. DermNet NZ. dermnetnz.org.
Otto, C. M. (2010). The practice of clinical echocardiography. Barcelona: Elsevier.
Otto, C. M. (2017). The practice of clinical echocardiography. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
Palma, R. A. (2020). Echocardiographer's pocket reference. School of Cardiac Ultrasound.
Porter, T. R., Abdelmoneim, S., Belcik, J. T., et al. (2014). Guidelines for the Cardiac Sonographer in the Performance of Contrast Echocardiography: A Focused Update from the American Society of Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 27(8), 797-810. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.05.011
Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging, 17(4), 412-412. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew041
Reynolds, T. (2005). The pediatric echocardiographer's pocket reference. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Heart Institute.
Reynolds, T., Kidd, P., Size, G. P., & Russo, T. (2018). The echocardiographer's pocket reference. Phoenix, AZ: School of Cardiac & Vascular Ultrasound, Arizona Heart Foundation.
Palma, R. A. (2020). Echocardiographer's pocket reference (5th ed.). School Of Cardiac Ultrasound.
Schneider, J., et al. (2025). Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults and special considerations in pulmonary hypertension: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 38 (2), 141–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2024.11.014
Seol, S.-H., Kim, D.-S., Han, Y.-C., et al. (2009). Nonsurgical management of a tricuspid valvular pedunculated papillary fibroelastoma. Cardiovascular Ultrasound, 7(1). doi: 10.1186/1476-7120-7-44
Spencer, K. T., Kimura, B. J., Korcarz, C. E., et al. (2013). Focused Cardiac Ultrasound: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 26(6), 567-581. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.04.001
Stainback, R. F., Estep, J. D., Agler, D. A., et al. (2015). Echocardiography in the Management of Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 28(8), 853-909. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.05.008
Strain rate imaging. folk.ntnu.no/stoylen/strainrate.
Taub, C. C., Stainback, R. F., Abraham, T., Forsha, D., Garcia-Sayan, E., Hill, J. C., Hung, J., Mitchell, C., Rigolin, V. H., Sachdev, V., Sengupta, P. P., Sorrell, V. L., & Strom, J. (2025). Guidelines for the standardization of adult echocardiography reporting: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 38 (9), 735–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2025.06.001
Thomas, J. D., Adams, D. B., Devries, S., et al. (2005). Guidelines and recommendations for digital echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 18(3), 287-297. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2005.01.010
Thomas, J. D., Edvardsen, T., Abraham, T., Appadurai, V., Badano, L., Banchs, J., Cho, G.-Y., Cosyns, B., Delgado, V., Donal, E., Galderisi, M., Lang, R. M., Marwick, T. H., Mertens, L., Park, M., Popescu, B. A., Popovic, Z., Scherrer-Crosbie, M., Sengupta, P. P., . . . Weidemann, F. (2025). Clinical applications of strain echocardiography: A clinical consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging of the European Society of Cardiology. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography , 38 (11), 985–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2025.07.007
Vasovagal syncope. mayoclinic.org.
Wasserman, M. A., Shea, E., Cassidy, C., et al. (2021). Recommendations for the Adult Cardiac Sonographer Performing Echocardiography to Screen for Critical Congenital Heart Disease in the Newborn. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 34(3), 207-222. doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2020.12.005
Zoghbi, W. A., Adams, D., Bonow, R. O., et al. (2017). Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 30(4), 303-371. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007
Zoghbi, W. A., Jone, P.-N., Chamsi-Pasha, M. A., et al. (2024). Guidelines for the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function With Cardiovascular Imaging. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 37(1), 2-63. doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2023.10.004

Sources for Images & Diagrams

Ask Dr. Wiki. Web. Spring 2015. askdrwiki.com
OBGYN Reference Site. Web. Fall 2009, Spring 2010, Spring 2013. centrus.com.br
Wikimedia Foundation. Web. Fall 2008, Fall 2011. wikimedia.com
Wikipedia. Web. Fall 2008. wikipedia.com
WikiDoc. Web. Fall 2011. wikidoc.com
YouTube. Web. Fall 2011. youtube.com - Dr. Maged Al Ali
YouTube. Web. Spring 2016. youtube.com - Echocardiographie
All other images and diagrams were personally created or donated by other Sonographers.